The effect of individual characteristics on susceptibility to aggressive and/or intimidating approaches: quantifying probability pathways by creating a victimization model.

Background: A significant body of literature has identified multiple factors that contribute to established victimization by aggressive and/or intimidating behaviours. These studies primarily originate from the fields of intimate partner violence (IPV), bullying, sexual abuse, and/or commercial sexual exploitation (CSE), and generally focus on female victims. It appears, however, complicated to quantify the cumulative contribution of these factors on susceptibility to intimidating and/or hostile engagements on an individual level.Objective: To develop a comprehensive risk model to quantify, on an individual level, the cumulative effects of previously reported characteristics on susceptibility to aggressive/intimidating approaches, leading to victimization (e.g. in the context of IPV/sexual abuse).Methods: A Bayesian belief network was developed using data from previous studies, capturing the multivariate contribution of previously reported characteristics on the likelihood of becoming victimized by aggressive and/or intimidating approaches (e.g. in the IPV/CSE context) in female victims aged 12-24 years.Results: The model showed that specific combinations of characteristics may contribute to an increased likelihood of victimization (e.g. in the context of IPV/bullying/sexual abuse or CSE). This likelihood could be quantified and categorized into specific clusters of factors differentiating between victimization by physically violent, non-physical, and/or sexual aggressive/intimidating approaches.Conclusion: The present model appears to be the first to successfully quantify the cumulative contribution of individual characteristics on the likelihood of becoming victimized by aggressive and/or intimidating approaches, typically leading to victimization. Moreover, the present scientific effort and resulting model suggest that there may be a latent variable mediating between the implemented factors and overall outcome, i.e. the susceptibility to aggressive and/or intimidating approaches. From that perspective, the model may also be considered as an initial outline to effectively indicate susceptibility to such approaches.

This study constructed a Bayesian belief network of published statistics to quantify the cumulative effects of individual characteristics on victimization (e.g. in the context of IPV/sexual abuse/bullying/CSE).The model showed that the likelihood of victimization following aggressive and/or intimidating approaches could be quantified and categorized into three different features: the likelihood of becoming victimized by physically violent, non-physical, and/or sexual aggressive/intimidating approaches. The likelihood of becoming victimized by physically violent and non-physical aggressive/intimidating approaches seems to be predominantly characterized by risk factors such as depressive symptoms and elevated neuroticism. The likelihood of victimization by sexual intimidating approaches seems to be primarily associated with externalizing risk factors (e.g. impulsivity), strengthened by factors related to previous (negative) sexual experiences and early-onset puberty.This model could be considered as an initial outline to effectively indicate susceptibility to aggressive/intimidating approaches. The model may therefore be considered an applicable framework for future research to further unravel the complicated aggressive and/or intimidating victim­perpetrator interactions related to victimization.

Experiences of grief and moral sentiments in survivors of the armed conflict in Medellín, Colombia.

The objective of the study is to understand the experience of grief and moral sentiments in survivors of the armed conflict in the city of Medellín, Colombia, through qualitative research. In total, 32 people affected by different victimising acts in the context of the armed conflict participated. There is a direct relationship between moral sentiments and the processes of handling and processing loss. Moral sentiments frame the experience of emotions in the victim, after the events have occurred, which influence the way in which the pain experienced is processed. These sentiments permeate the processes of dealing with the incident in survivors, the ways in which they perceive themselves and the perpetrators, and the social stances they adopt to face life. We conclude that moral factors play a role in the emotional recovery of victims and are indicative the possibility or difficulty of processing the events that occurred.

Pathways from childhood sexual abuse to sexual aggression victimization and perpetration in adolescence and young adulthood: a three-wave longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been identified as a risk factor for later sexual aggression perpetration and vulnerability factor for sexual victimization. However, the use of cross-sectional designs, the focus on female victimization and male perpetration, and the lack of evidence from outside North America limit the existing knowledge base. OBJECTIVE: The study was designed to examine pathways from CSA to sexual revictimization and sexual aggression perpetration after the age of consent. METHOD: A total of 588 university students in Germany (308 female) took part in a three-wave longitudinal study covering 23 months. At each wave (T1-T3), all participants completed measures of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration. Experiences of CSA were measured at T1. RESULTS: The rate of CSA was significantly higher for women (20.8%) than for men (12.4%). Rates of sexual victimization for women were 60.9% at Time 1 (since age 14), 22.3% at Time 2 (since T1), and 17.4% at Time 3 (since T2). For men, the rates were 39.2% at Time 1, 15.9% at Time 2, and 14.1% at Time 3. Rates of sexual aggression perpetration for women were 10.6% at Time 1 (since age 14), 3.5% at Time 2 (since T1), and 3.6% at Time 3 (since T2). For men, the rates were 18.0% at Time 1, 6.2% at Time 2, and 3.8% at Time 3. The gender differences in victimization and perpetration were significant only at T1. CSA predicted higher odds of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration cross-sectionally at T1 and indirectly at T2 and T3 via T1. Gender did not moderate the associations. CONCLUSION: The results confirm previous findings of elevated rates of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration in adolescence and young adulthood in victims of CSA. The implications for understanding and preventing adverse sexuality-related outcomes of CSA are discussed.

Childhood sexual abuse has been linked to an increased vulnerability to sexual revictimization and risk of later sexual aggression perpetration.This longitudinal study based on a large sample of university students in Germany with three data waves covering 23 months shows that sexual abuse in childhood increases the odds of experiencing and engaging in sexual aggression in adolescence and young adulthood.The associations with later sexual aggression victimization and perpetration held for both female and male victims of childhood sexual abuse.

Understanding of Factors Associated with Reporting to the Police, Helping Seeking, and Adopting in Self-protection among Stalking Victims: A Latent Class Analysis / [Conocer los factores asociados a las denuncias a la policía, la búsqueda de ayuda y la adopción de autoprotección en las víctimas de acoso: un análisis de clases latentes]

Victims of stalking use multiple help-seeking behaviors including reporting their experiences to the police, obtaining a restraining order, blocking communication, and relying on informal social networks like friends, family, or therapists. The goal of this study is to, first, identify distinct subgroups of stalking victims based on their help-seeking behaviors. Next, we identify the direct effect of sex, victim-offender relationship, and offense severity on class membership. Finally, we include negative emotions as a mediating effect. Using the 2016 National Crime Victimization Survey’s Supplemental Victimization Survey data, latent class analysis was utilized to identify class membership among 1,459 stalking victims. The results indicate three groups: passive help-seekers, informal help-seekers, and active help-seekers. We found that females are more likely to be assigned to the active or informal group and these two groups appear to experience more severe stalking behaviors compared to the passive group. Specifically, victims were less likely to ask for help actively and ask family, friends, and non-professional people for help for whom stalking took place by other/unable to identify individuals. Victims whose stalkers had a criminal record, whose stalkers threatened themselves or others, as well as who suffered stalking lasting for months and the most often were more likely to ask for help actively and ask family, friends, and non-professional people for help. The significance of victims’ perceptions of severity of both groups is only partially mediated by negative emotions.(AU)

Las víctimas del acoso utilizan diversos comportamientos de búsqueda de ayuda, como denunciar los hechos a la policía, conseguir una orden de alejamiento, bloquear la comunicación o confiar en las redes sociales informales como amigos, familia o terapeutas. El objetivo del estudio es en primer lugar reconocer distintos subgrupos de víctimas de acoso en función de sus comportamientos de búsqueda de ayuda. A continuación observamos el efecto directo en la pertenencia al grupo del sexo, la relación víctima-agresor y la gravedad del delito. Por último, abordamos el efecto mediador de las emociones negativas. Utilizando los datos de la encuesta suplementaria de victimización de la Encuesta Nacional de Delitos de Victimización de 2016 nos servimos del análisis de clases latentes para analizar la afiliación de clase en 1,459 víctimas de acoso. Los resultados muestran tres grupos: buscadores de ayuda pasivos, informales y activos. Resultó que es más probable que las mujeres sean asignadas al grupo activo o informal y que estos dos grupos parecen experimentar comportamientos de acoso más graves en comparación con el grupo pasivo. En concreto era menos probable que las víctimas pidieran ayuda activamente y a la familia, amigos y personas no profesionales que habían sufrido acoso por parte de otras personas incapaces de identificar. Era más probable que las víctimas cuyos acosadores tenían antecedentes penales y les habían acosado a ellos o a otras personas y cuyo acoso había durado meses y más a menudo pidieran ayuda activa y también a la familia, amigos y personas no profesionales. La importancia de cómo percibían la gravedad ambos grupos solo estaba mediatizada en parte por las emociones negativas.(AU)

Papel de la empatía en los agresores y las víctimas del acoso escolar: un estudio transversal / Role of empathy in aggressors and victims of bullying: A cross-sectional study

El acoso escolar es un fenómeno que está presente en las aulas. Las competencias emocionales que desarrollan los niños en su crecimiento pueden tener relación con la participación en este proceso. La empatía es una competencia que se ve afectada en agresores y víctimas. Este trabajo analizó si existen diferencias en el nivel de empatía en función de los participantes del acoso escolar (víctimas y acosadores). Además, se estudiasi hay diferencias en empatía en función del sexo de la persona hacia quien va dirigida la acción empática y de quién la ejerce. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 180 niños siendo el 50% chicas y 50% chicos de entre 10 y 12 años, encontrando la media en 11,23 años y la desviación típica de .914. reclutados en cinco colegios de la provincia de Alicante (Petrel, Ibi y Alicante), en España. Los niños respondieron al Cuestionario de Índice de Empatía para Niños y Adolescentes (Index of Empaty for Children and Adolescents, IECA) para evaluar la empatía y al Test Bull-S paraevaluar los posibles perfiles de agresor y víctima en las aulas. Los agresores y las víctimas obtuvieron un menor índice de empatía con respecto a la media global de la muestra; aunque no hubo diferencia en empatía entre agresores y víctimas. Las chicas puntuaron más alto en empatía que los chicos. Las chicas mostraron ser más empáticas con las chicas, que con los chicos. Se concluye que las competencias emocionales pueden verse afectadas en personas involucradas en situaciones de acoso. Por tanto, se debe dar prioridad a programas de prevención basados en mejorar las competencias emocionales y así evitar el problema del acoso escolar antes de que ocurra. (AU)

Bullying is a phenomenon that is present in the classroom. The emotional competences that children develop as they grow up may be related to their participation in this process. Empathy is a competence thatis affected in aggressors and victims. This paper analysed whether there are differences in the level of empathy depending on the participants in bullying (victims and bullies). In addition, we studied whether there are differences in empathy according to the gender of the person towards whomthe empathic action is directed and who is exercising it. The sample consisted of 180 children, 50% girls and 50% boys between 10 and 12 years of age, with a mean of 11.23 years and a standard deviation of .914, recruited from five schools in the province of Alicante (Petrel, Ibi and Alicante),Spain. The children responded to the Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents (IECA) questionnaire to assess empathy and to the Bull-S test to assess possible aggressor and victim profiles in the classroom. Bullies and victims scored lower on empathy than the overall sample mean, although there was no difference in empathy between bullies and victims. Girls scored higher on empathy than boys. Girls were more empathetic towards girls than boys. It is concluded that emotional competences may be affected in people involved in bullying situations. Therefore, priority should be given to prevention programmes based on improving emotional competences in order to prevent the problem of bullying before it occurs. (AU)

¿Perdonar? Imposibilidad de tramitar daños e injusticias en mujeres víctimas de violencia sexual / Forgiveness? The impossibility of dealing with harm and injustice of women victims of sexual violence

Introducción: la violencia es un problema de salud pública que cada día se ha incrementado, por ello, es importante fortalecer las capacidades de vigilancia y gestión del riesgo, y de acabar con las agresiones, respetando, protegiendo y garantizando los derechos de mujeres y niñas para que puedan alcanzar todo su potencial; haciendo un particular hincapié en la indagación de dispositivos que permitan poner fin a todas las formas de discriminación y violencia en contra de ellas. ObjetivoReconocer los significados sobre el perdón construidos por las mujeres víctimas expuestas al conflicto armado en Montes de María, San Onofre Sucre como consecuencia de las violencias sexuales ejercidas por paramilitares. Materiales y Métodos: Se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo a través de la Teoría Fundamentada y el Interaccionismo Simbólico para generar la teoría, a partir de los significados que emergen de la interacción entre las personas y su entorno. Resultado: la teoría sustantiva resultante evidenció las características de la experiencia de la violencia sexual en la mujer; la cual simboliza desazón, exilio, destrucción de sus metas y proyectos, además de la dificultad para perdonar debido a la magnitud del daño causado, y al incumplimiento de la legislación que debía proteger a la mujer víctima de tal violencia. Conclusión: Dentro de los significados de las violencias sexuales se encontró que las mujeres tienen dificultad para perdonar, por la imposibilidad de olvidar el acto de horror cometido contra ellas; aducen que, para entrar en el camino del perdón y la reconciliación, los vándalos deben revelar la verdad sobre los actos cometidos, así como mostrar un arrepentimiento genuino.

Introduction: Violence is a public health problem that is growing every day; therefore, it is important to strengthen monitoring and risk management capabilities and to put an end to aggressions by respecting, protecting, and guaranteeing the rights of women and girls so that they can reach their full potential. Particular emphasis is placed on seeking mechanisms to end all forms of discrimination and violence against women and girls. Objective: To recognize the meanings of forgiveness constructed by women victims of the armed conflict in Montes de María, San Onofre Sucre, as a consequence of sexual violence perpetrated by paramilitaries. Materials and Methods: A qualitative approach of grounded theory and symbolic interactionism was used to develop a theory based on the meanings that emerge from interactions between people and their environment. Results: The resulting substantive theory demonstrated the characteristics of women's experience of sexual violence, which symbolizes distress, exile, the destruction of their goals and projects, as well as the difficulty of forgiveness due to the magnitude of the harm caused, and the non-compliance with legislation that should protect women victims of such violence. Conclusion: Among the meanings of sexual violence, it was found that forgiveness is difficult for these women because it is impossible to forget the act of horror committed against them. They argue that, in order to enter the path of forgiveness and reconciliation, offenders must reveal the truth about the acts committed and show genuine repentance.

Introdução: a violência é um problema de saúde pública que aumenta a cada dia, por isso é importante fortalecer as capacidades de vigilância e gestão de riscos, e acabar com as agressões, respeitando, protegendo e garantindo os direitos das mulheres e meninas para que possam atingir todo o seu potencial; com particular ênfase na investigação de dispositivos que permitem acabar com todas as formas de discriminação e violência contra elas. Objetivo Reconhecer os significados do perdão construídos por mulheres vítimas do conflito armado em Montes de Maria, San Onofre Sucre, como consequência da violência sexual perpetrada por paramilitares. Materiais e Métodos: Foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa por meio da Grounded Theory e do Interacionismo Simbólico para gerar a teoria, com base nos significados que emergem da interação entre as pessoas e seu ambiente. Resultado: a teoria substantiva resultante evidenciou as características da vivência da violência sexual em mulheres; que simboliza o desespero, o exílio, a destruição de seus objetivos e projetos, além da dificuldade de perdoar pela magnitude dos danos causados, e o descumprimento da legislação que deveria proteger as mulheres vítimas dessa violência. Conclusão: Dentro dos significados da violência sexual, constatou-se que as mulheres têm dificuldade em perdoar, devido à impossibilidade de esquecer o ato de horror cometido contra elas; eles argumentam que, para entrar no caminho do perdão e da reconciliação, os vândalos devem revelar a verdade sobre os atos cometidos, bem como mostrar arrependimento genuíno.

Devouring and Asphyxia: Symptoms of a Cultural Complex in Present Times.

The article discusses dominance and oppression in society due to cultural complexes filled with collective memories of destructiveness and perpetration, implicit memories which have remained repressed. Individual personal complexes and traumas are intertwined with traumatizing historical circumstances, setting up pairs of perpetrator and victim. The metaphors of devouring and asphyxiation are used to denote interpersonal and group relationships in which feelings of imprisonment, suffocating anxiety and expulsion are predominant, all of which leads to painful projections and introjections, dissociation and suffering. Asphyxiating death symbolizes not only environmental devastation by fire, the pandemic and the plague, but is also seen as a symptom of acute anxiety in modern times. Devouring stands for the annulment of the objectified Other in a patriarchal society best revealed in fratricidal struggles, the oppression of women and, ultimately, wars.

L'article traite de la domination et de l'oppression dans la société, du fait de complexes culturels chargés de souvenirs de destruction et de culpabilité, de mémoires implicites qui sont restées refoulées. Les complexes personnels et les traumatismes des individus sont entremêlés avec les circonstances historiques traumatisantes. Ainsi se forment des couples coupable-victime. Les métaphores de dévoration et d'asphyxie sont utilisées pour désigner des relations interpersonnelles et de groupe dans lesquelles les sentiments d'emprisonnement, l'angoisse d'étouffement et l'expulsion sont prédominants, tout cela menant à des projections et des introjections douloureuses, à de la dissociation et de la souffrance. La mort par asphyxie symbolise non seulement la dévastation de l'environnement par l'incendie, la pandémie et la peste, mais est aussi comprise comme un symptôme d'anxiété aigüe à notre époque. La dévoration signifie l'annulation d'un Autre traité comme un objet dans une société patriarcale qui se dévoile dans des batailles fratricides, l'oppression des femmes et au final, les guerres.

El artículo analiza la dominación y la opresión en la sociedad debido a complejos culturales llenos de memorias colectivas de destructividad y perpetración, memorias implícitas que han permanecido reprimidas. Los complejos y traumas personales individuales se entrelazan con circunstancias históricas traumatizantes, estableciendo pares de perpetrador y víctima. Las metáforas de la devoración y la asfixia se utilizan para denotar relaciones interpersonales y grupales en las que predominan sentimientos de aprisionamiento, ansiedad sofocante y expulsión, todo lo cual conduce a proyecciones e introyecciones dolorosas, disociación y sufrimiento. La muerte asfixiante simboliza no sólo la devastación medioambiental por el fuego, la pandemia y la peste, sino que también se considera un síntoma de ansiedad aguda en los tiempos modernos. Devorar representa la anulación del Otro cosificado en una sociedad patriarcal que sobre todo se revela en las luchas fratricidas, la opresión de la mujer y, en última instancia, las guerras.

Mujeres de la vida o Vida de las mujeres: sistema de género colonial, estigma y trabajo sexual / Women of life or Life of women: colonial gender system, stigma and sex work

En un contexto de sistema de género colonial, los estudios del trabajo sexual autónomo han sido objeto histórico de discursos polarizados, al considerarse hegemónicamente como una forma de violencia y en menor medida una opción en un contexto restringido, que es necesario reconocer y regular. Partimos del vacío de estudios sobre el impacto emocional y físico del estigma acumulado en torno al trabajo sexual, entendido este como una forma de violencia simbólica. Realizamos un estudio cualitativo a través de entrevistas en profundidad, a cinco mujeres mayores cisgénero y trans* que ejercen el trabajo sexual. El objetivo es indagar la construcción situada por parte de sus protagonistas, de los significados otorgados a su mundo cotidiano y a la actividad que realizan. Los resultados ahondan en la tensión y articulación entre procesos de agenciamiento y de victimización. (AU)

Within the context of a colonial gender system, studies of autonomous sex work have historically been the object of polarized discourses, as they are considered hegemonically as a form of violence or, to a lesser extent, as an option in a restricted context, which needs to be recognized and regulated. Our stating point is the lack of studies on the emotional and physical impact of the stigma accumulated around sex work, understood as a form of symbolic violence. We carried out a qualitative study through in-depth interviews with five older cisgender and trans* women sex workers. The objective is to investigate the situated construction by its protagonists, of the meanings given to their daily world and to the activity they carry out. The results delve into the tension and articulation between processes of agency and victimization. (AU)

Grief and delivering a statement in court: a longitudinal mixed-method study among homicidally bereaved people.

Background: Participating in a criminal trial may increase the likelihood of developing psychopathology. In 2021, people bereaved by a plane disaster (flight MH17) had the opportunity to deliver a victim personal statement (VPS) in Dutch court.Objective: This longitudinal mixed-method study examined different aspects of 84 bereaved people's experiences with VPS delivery.Method: Motivations to deliver, or not deliver, an oral VPS were examined qualitatively using thematic content analysis. Whether background and loss-related variables were related to the decision to deliver a VPS was examined using binary logistic regression analyses. Between-group (delivered VPS vs. did not) and within-group (pre- vs. post-VPS) comparisons were made regarding prolonged grief disorder (PGD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression levels using t-tests and paired t-tests.Results: Bereaved people were most frequently motivated to deliver an oral VPS to describe the impact of the incident, while those who did not deliver an oral VPS commonly wanted to protect themselves from the perceived emotional burden. None of the correlates - i.e. biological sex, age, level of education, number of losses, and (closest) relationship to the deceased - were related to the decision to deliver a VPS. Lastly, significantly higher PGD, PTSD, and depression levels were reported by people who delivered a VPS than those who did not, before and after the court hearing. No significant within-group differences were found over time.Conclusions: Professionals may provide emotional support to bereaved people who want to deliver a VPS and manage their expectations if they want to deliver a VPS for the purpose of symptom reduction. Future research may benefit from examining other ways in which VPS delivery might have beneficial or detrimental effects for specific individuals. Overall, implementing VPS delivery in court on the basis of emotional restoration remains empirically unsupported, if defined as a reduction in psychopathological levels.

We are the first to examine if statement delivery changes grief-related distress.Statement delivery did not significantly change grief-related distress.Defining emotional restoration as a decrease in psychopathology remains unsupported.

El juego como escenario de construcción de paz en contextos de conflicto armado en Colombia / The game as a peace-building scenario in contexts of armed conflict in Colombia

Introducción: el artículo presenta algunos resultados de una investigación que buscó rescatar y visibilizar las potencias y los recursos de la niñez que se vio afectada por el conflicto armado, preguntando por las maneras en que los niños y las niñas pueden aportar a la construcción de paz desde sus potencialidades y escenarios relacionales, dando prioridad al juego como espacio socializador. Método: la investigación fue de tipo cualitativa y se ubicó desde la hermenéutica crítica comprensiva, empleando estrategias metodológicas como talleres creativos, entrevistas a profundidad y grupos focales. Resultados: algunos de los resultados evidencian que los niños y las niñas aportan a la construcción de paz desde la creatividad, el establecimiento de acuerdo con sus pares y otros agentes, pero, sobre todo, desde el juego como principal escenario en donde despliegan su autonomía y criterio propio para la configuración de sus acuerdos socia-les. Conclusión: se concluye que el juego se convierte en una práctica generativa, donde los niños y las niñas despliegan sus potencialidades y recursos como un aporte a la construcción paz.

Introduction: The article presents some results of a research that sought to rescue and make visible the potencies and resources of children who were affected by the armed conflict, asking about the ways in which children can contribute to peace building from their potentialities and relational scenarios, giving priority to play as a socializing space. Method: The research was qualitative and was based on comprehensive critical hermeneutics, using methodological strategies such as creative workshops, in-depth interviews and focus groups. Results: Some of the results show that children contribute to peace building through creativity, the establishment of agreements with their peers and other agents, but, above all, through play as the main scenario where they deploy their autonomy and own criteria for the configuration of their social agreements. Conclusion: It is concluded that play becomes a generative practice, where children deploy their potential and resources as a contribution to peace building.

La memoria como práctica mediática discursiva frente a la reparación simbólica y la ley de víctimas / Memory as a Discursive Media Practice Vis-A-Vis Symbolic Reparation and the Victims' Law

Resumen El artículo aborda las diferentes perspectivas de opinión que se difunden en la Web entorno a la memoria, la reparación simbólica de las víctimas y frente a la Ley 1448. Tiene por objetivo analizar los núcleos conceptuales y de significado presentes en los diferentes documentos seleccionados.

Abstract The article addresses the different perspectives of opinion, which are dissemi nated on the Web around memory, symbolic reparation of victims and vis-a-vis Law 1448. It aims to analyze the conceptual and meaning cores present in the different selected documents.

Experimental evidence of the impact of framing of actors and victims in conservation narratives.

Media narratives play a crucial role in framing marine conservation dilemmas by depicting human actors, such as fish consumers or the fishing industry, as responsible for negative effects of their actions on species and ecosystems. However, there is little evidence documenting how such narratives affect preferences for reducing bycatch. Behavioral science research shows that people can act less prosocially when more actors are responsible for a collective outcome (responsibility diffusion effect) and when more victims need to be helped (compassion fade effect); thus, the media's framing of actors and victims may have a significant effect on preferences. We conducted the first test of responsibility diffusion and compassion fade in a marine context in an online experiment (1548 participants in the United Kingdom). In 9 media narratives, we varied the type of actors responsible for fisheries bycatch (e.g., consumers and industry) and victims (e.g., a single species, multiple species, and ecosystems) in media narratives and determined the effects of the narratives on participants' support for bycatch policies and intentions to alter fish consumption. When responsibility for negative effects was attributed to consumers and industry, the probability of participants reporting support for fisheries policies (e.g., bycatch enforcement or consumer taxes) was ∼30% higher (odds ratio = 1.32) than when only consumers were attributed responsibility. These effects were primarily driven by female participants. Narratives had no effect on personal intentions to consume fish. Varying the type of victim had no effect on policy support and intentions. Our results suggest that neither responsibility diffusion nor compassion fade automatically follows from increasing the types of actors and victims in media narratives and that effects can depend on the type of outcome and population subgroup.

Las narrativas mediáticas juegan un papel importante en el encuadre de los dilemas de conservación marina al representar a los actores humanos, por ejemplo, los consumidores de pescado o la industria pesquera, como los responsables de los efectos negativos de sus acciones sobre las especies y ecosistemas. Sin embargo, hay poca evidencia que documente cómo estas narrativas afectan las preferencias para reducir la captura incidental. Investigaciones de la ciencia conductual muestran que las personas pueden actuar menos a favor de la sociedad cuando más actores son responsables de un resultado colectivo (efecto de difusión de la responsabilidad) y cuando más víctimas necesitan asistencia (efecto de la desaparición de la compasión); por lo tanto, el encuadre mediático de los actores y las víctimas puede tener un efecto significativo sobre las preferencias. Realizamos el primer análisis de la difusión de la responsabilidad y la desaparición de la compasión en un contexto marino con un experimento en línea (1,548 participantes en el Reino Unido). Diversificamos el tipo de actores responsables de la captura incidental (p. ej.: consumidores e industria) y sus víctimas (p. ej.: una sola especie, múltiples especies y ecosistemas) en nueve narrativas mediáticas y determinamos sus efectos sobre el respaldo que dan los participantes a las políticas de captura incidental y sus intenciones de alterar el consumo de pescado. Cuando se le atribuyó la responsabilidad de los efectos negativos a los consumidores y a la industria, la probabilidad de que los participantes apoyaran las políticas pesqueras (p. ej.: implementación de la captura incidental o impuestos al consumidor) fue ∼30% más alta (razón de probabilidad = 1.32) que cuando se le atribuyó la responsabilidad solamente a los consumidores. Estos efectos fueron impulsados principalmente por las mujeres participantes. Las narrativas no tuvieron efectos sobre las intenciones personales de consumir pescado. La variación en el tipo de víctimas no tuvo efectos sobre el apoyo a las políticas y las intenciones. Nuestros resultados sugieren que ni la difusión de la responsabilidad ni la desaparición de la compasión ocurren automáticamente tras incrementar los tipos de actores y víctimas en las narrativas mediáticas y que los efectos pueden depender del tipo de resultado y del subgrupo poblacional. Evidencia Experimental del Impacto que Tiene el Encuadre de los Actores y las Víctimas en las Narrativas de Conservación.

She deserved it: Analysis of variables that influence the accountability of victims of sexual violence / Ella se lo merecía: Análisis de variables que influyen en la rendición de cuentas de las víctimas de violencia sexual

Abstract This article aims to analyze the effect of the combination of the variables - victim characteristics (skin color and normativity), observer sex, Belief in a Just World, and ambivalent sexism - on sexual violence victim blaming. Three studies were conducted with university students (Study 1, N=288; Study 2, N=226; Study 3, N=307), who were asked to answer some items on victim blaming, Belief in a Just World, and Ambivalent Sexism. The ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses have shown that the combination of these variables resulted in higher black and counter-normative victim blaming. The results confirmed that victim skin color, victim normativity, and the observer sex influence victim blaming for sexual violence (study 1); that BJW predicts the attribution of the victim's accountability for sexual violence (study 2), and that only benevolent sexism, together with BJW, was responsible for predicting victim blaming for sexual violence (study 3).

Abstract La mayoría de los estudios que investigan la culpabilización de las mujeres que son víctimas de violencia sexual indican que algunas características de la víctima y del observador están estrechamente relacionadas con este fenómeno. Este artículo propone analizar el efecto de la combinación de las variables características de la víctima (color de la piel y normatividad), el sexo del observador, la Creencia en un Mundo Justo y el sexismo ambivalente, en la culpabilización de la víctima de la violencia sexual. Desarrollamos tres estudios realizados con estudiantes universitarios (Estudio 1, N = 288; Estudio 2, N = 226; Estudio 3, N = 307), que fueron instruidos para responder algunos ítems sobre culpar a la víctima, creer en un mundo justo y sexismo ambivalente. Los análisis, ANOVA y ANCOVA, mostraron que la combinación de estas variables dio como resultado una mayor culpa atribuida a la víctima negra y la contranormativa. Los resultados confirmaron que el color de la piel de la víctima, la normatividad de la víctima y el sexo del observador influencian en la responsabilización de la víctima de violencia sexual (estudio 1), que la CMJ predice la responsabilización de la víctima de violencia sexual (estudio 2) y que solamente el sexismo benevolente, junto con la CMJ, fue responsable por prever la culpabilización de la víctima de violencia sexual (estudio 3).

Programas de suporte às segundas vítimas e seus impactos: revisão integrativa / Programas de apoyo a segundas víctimas y sus impactos: revisión integradora / Second victim support programs and their impacts: integrative review

OBJETIVO: identificar e avaliar evidências científicas disponíveis na literatura sobre os programas de acolhimento e seus impactos em profissionais de saúde na condição de segunda vítima. MÉTODO: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa baseada na estratégia PICO, realizada com 8 artigos gerados através das bases de dados PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, LILACS, CINAHL e PsycINFO entre janeiro e junho de 2021. RESULTADOS: observando-se a existência de um suporte formal de acolhimento, as publicações abordam gestores de risco e segurança, profissionais acolhidos por programas de suporte, profissionais de assistência direta ao paciente e que poderiam ou não estar na condição de segunda vítima e seus impactos. CONCLUSÃO: apesar da presença de estudos que evidenciam a efetividade de alguns programas de suporte às segundas vítimas, ainda há uma lacuna acerca do tipo adequado de atendimento oferecido e os impactos dessas intervenções.(AU)

OBJECTIVE: Identify and evaluate scientific evidence available in the literature about programs and their impacts on health professionals in the condition of the second victim. METHOD: is an integrative review based on the PICO strategy, carried out with 8 articles generated through the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, LILACS, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases between January and June 2021. RESULTS: observing the existence of formal reception support, the publications address risk and safety managers, professionals assisted by support programs, direct patient care professionals and who may or may not be in the condition of a second victim and their impacts. CONCLUSION: despite the presence of studies that show the effectiveness of some support programs for second victims, there is still a gap regarding the appropriate type of care offered and the impacts of these interventions.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Identificar y evaluar la evidencia científica disponible en la literatura sobre los programas y sus impactos en los profesionales de la salud en la condición de segunda víctima. MÉTODO: es una revisión integradora basada en la estrategia PICO, realizada con 8 artículos generados a través de las bases de datos PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, LILACS, CINAHL y PsycINFO entre enero y junio de 2021. RESULTADOS: al observar la existencia de apoyo formal de recepción, el las publicaciones se dirigen a gestores de riesgos y seguridad, profesionales asistidos por programas de apoyo, profesionales de atención directa al paciente y que pueden o no estar en condición de segunda víctima y sus impactos. CONCLUSIÓN: a pesar de la presencia de estudios que muestran la efectividad de algunos programas de apoyo a las segundas víctimas, aún existe una brecha en cuanto al tipo de atención adecuada ofrecida y los impactos de estas intervenciones.(AU)

La escritura del duelo en narrativas de mujeres víctimas del conflicto colombiano / The writing of grief in narratives of women victims of the colombian conflict

El objetivo de la investigación fue comprender los efectos de la escritura autobiográfica en la elaboración de los duelos, la transformación subjetiva y la construcción de la memoria de mujeres víctimas del conflicto armado. Este artículo se concentra en lo relativo a los procesos de duelo. Método: la investigación tuvo un enfoque cualitativo y el método utilizado fue el interaccionismo simbólico; se hizo un estudio de caso con un grupo de mujeres participantes en procesos de escritura autobiográfica; la información se recolectó con entrevistas semiestructuradas, talleres de escritura y selección de textos. Resultados: la escritura auto-biográfica cumple una función positiva en el duelo de las mujeres al contribuir a procesos como: ordenar narrativamente el caos provocado por la violencia, nombrar y trabajar las pérdidas, dotar de sentidos íntimos y sociales al dolor y reconstruir las relaciones con lo perdido, con el mundo y consigo mismas. Conclusión: la escritura es un recurso valioso para avanzar en el duelo, a la manera de un ritual de despedida, ayuda a situar lo perdido en el ámbito de la memoria y a reconstruir la vida contando con la ausencia

The objective of the research was to understand the effects of autobiographical writing on the elaboration of grief, the subjective transformation and the construction of the memory of women victims of the armed conflict. This article focuses on the grief processes. Method: the approach was qualitative, the method was symbolic interactionism; a case study was made with a group of women participating in autobiographical writing processes; information was collected through semi-structured interviews, writing workshops and text selection. Results: Autobiographical writing plays a positive role in women's grief by contributing to processes such as: narrative order of chaos caused by violence, naming and working through losses, giving intimate and social meaning to pain, and reconstruction relationships with what was lost, with the world and with themselves. It is concluded that this kind of writing is a valuable resource to advance in mourning elaboration; in the manner of a farewell ritual it helps to situate the lost in the sphere of memory and to reconstruct life counting on absence

Significados y experiencias personales de perdón y reconciliación en mujeres víctimas y mujeres excombatientes de las FARC / Meanings and personal experiences of forgiveness and reconciliation in women who are victims and ex-combatents of the FARC

Este trabajo pretende comprender la experiencia subjetiva de mujeres víctimas y excombatientes de las FARC en torno al perdón y la reconciliación. Para ello, se realizó una investigación de corte cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico-hermenéutico, basada en postulados de la psicología social crítica latinoamericana. Las técnicas para recolectar información fueron la observación participante, la entrevista en profundidad y los grupos de conversación, en donde participaron 8 víctimas y 4 excombatientes. Se realizó un análisis hermenéutico de contenido, identificando concepciones que las participantes tienen sobre perdón y reconciliación, identificando experiencias vividas. Uno de los principales hallazgos es que en el proceso para perdonar y reconciliarse, las participantes transforman su subjetividad, asumiendo reivindicar sus derechos ante el Estado y redescubriendo su humanidad después de la guerra; finalmente, las excombatientes cam-bian las armas por palabras

This work aims to understand the subjective experience of women victims and women ex-combatants of the FARC, around forgiveness and reconciliation. For this purpose, a qualitative research was conducted with a phenomenological-hermeneutic approach, based on postulates of Latin American critical social psychology. The techniques to collect information were participant observation, in-depth interview and conversation groups, in which 8 victims and 4 ex-combatants participated. a hermeneutical analysis of content was carried out, identifying conceptions that the participants have about forgiveness and reconciliation, identifying lived experiences. One of the main findings is that, in the process of forgiving and reconciling, the participants transform their subjectivity, assuming to restore their rights before the State and rediscovering their humanity after the war. Finally, ex-combatants change weapons for words

"But she was drunk": Sexual violence and Blaming the victim

Abstract: Various studies have been demonstrating the importance of patriarchal values in the structuring of society, especially with regard to sexual violence against women, pointing out that women themselves are still blamed for the violence that they suffer. The work presented here falls within this context and analyzes how the social representations of university students about women victims of sexual violence are structured (Study 1; N = 288) and how information about the victim's skin color can affect the judgment that is made about women victims of sexual violence (study 2; N = 99). Together, the results indicate that the woman was blamed for the violence she suffered and this becomes more evident in the situation in which the woman was Black.

Resumo: Vários estudos têm demonstrado a importância dos valores patriarcais na estruturação da sociedade, principalmente no que se refere à violência sexual contra mulheres, apontando que ela ainda é culpabilizada pela violência por ela própria sofrida. O trabalho aqui apresentado insere-se nesse contexto e analisa como são estruturadas as representações sociais de estudantes universitários sobre mulheres vítimas de violência sexual (Estudo 1; N=288) e como a informação sobre a cor da pele da vítima pode afetar o julgamento que se faz de mulheres vítimas de violência sexual (estudo 2; N=99). Em conjunto, os resultados indicam que a mulher foi culpabilizada pela violência por ela sofrida e isso fica mais evidente na situação na qual a mulher era negra.

Resumen: Varios estudios han demostrado la importancia de los valores patriarcales en la estructuración de la sociedad, especialmente en lo que respecta a la violencia sexual contra la mujer, señalando que aún se le culpa por la violencia que ha sufrido. El trabajo que aquí se presenta se enmarca en este contexto y analiza cómo se estructuran las representaciones sociales de los estudiantes universitarios sobre las mujeres víctimas de violencia sexual (Estudio 1; N = 288) y cómo la información sobre el color de piel de la víctima puede afectar el juicio que se hace sobre las mujeres víctimas de violencia sexual (estudio 2; N = 99). En conjunto, los resultados indican que se culpó a la mujer por la violencia que sufrió y esto es más evidente en la situación en la que la mujer era negra.

Second victim phenomenon in a surgical area: Online survey.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF STUDY: An effective and accessible first source of support for second victims (SV) is usually the colleagues themselves, who should have tools to help emotionally and detect the unusual course of a SV. The aim of this work is to assess health professionals' perception of the phenomenon, as well as their capability to apply psychological first aid. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational descriptive study through online surveys answered anonymously. Participants were different health professionals from surgical area, mainly from a third-level hospital. RESULTS: 329 responses, 67 anaesthesiologists, 110 anaesthesiologists in training, 152 nurses. 78.4% had felt SV, more frequent among anaesthesiologists; however, 58% had never heard of the term. Guilt was the most frequent emotion. Residents were more afraid of judgmental colleagues and thought more about drop out their training. From those who sought help, most did it through a colleague, but most did not feel useful in helping a SV. 66% affirmed there is a still punitive, evasive or silent culture about medical incidents. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the frequency of the phenomenon there is still lack of knowledge of the term SV. Impact of the phenomenon is heterogenous and changes based on experience and responsibility. Colleagues are the first source of emotional help but there is a lack of tools to be able to provide it. Institutions are urged to create training programs so that professionals can guarantee «psychological first aid¼.

Caracterización del delito de lesiones a mujeres víctimas de violencia doméstica / Characterization of the crime of injuries against female victims of domestic violence

RESUMEN Introducción: la violencia contra la mujer incluye todo acto violento por razón de género, que produce o puede causar daño físico, sexual, psicológico o algún tipo de sufrimiento mediante amenazas, coerción o privaciones arbitrarias de su libertad. Objetivo: determinar los factores que incidieron en los delitos de lesiones contra la mujer como forma de violencia doméstica en la provincia de Pinar del Río. Material y métodos: se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva y longitudinal con 236 lesionadas que fueron entrevistadas en el Departamento Provincial de Medicina Legal, por existir una denuncia por delito de lesiones en el marco de la familia durante el período 2017-2018. La información se obtuvo mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a las víctimas y la revisión de la base de datos estadística existente en el libro de control de la actividad pericial del mencionado departamento de Pinar del Río. Resultados: la mayoría de las víctimas tenían edades comprendidas entre los 16 y los 35 años, y eran de la raza blanca y del municipio Pinar del Río. La relación con el victimario fue de pareja sexual, siendo el puñetazo el modus operandi y la conducta violenta el factor de riesgo más frecuente; se destacaron los celos como móvil del hecho. Predominaron el horario nocturno y las lesiones no graves sin necesidad de tratamiento médico. Conclusiones: la violencia doméstica constituye un problema de salud y social en la provincia pinareña, por lo que instituciones sociales, de salud y autoridades deben trabajar de conjunto para su prevención y reducción (AU).

Introduction: violence against women includes any violent act on the basis of gender, which causes or may cause physical, sexual, psychological or any other kind of suffering through threats, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of their freedom. Objective: to determine the factors that affected the crimes of injury against women as a form of domestic violence in the province of Pinar del Río. Materials and methods: an observational, descriptive and longitudinal investigation was conducted with 236 injured women that were interviewed in the Provincial Department of Legal Medicine, because there was a complaint for crime of injuries within the family during the period 2017-2018. The information was obtained through the application of a survey of the victims and the review of the existing statistical database in the control book of the expert activity of the aforementioned department of Pinar del Río. Results: most of the victims were between the ages of 16 and 35, of the white race and from the municipality of Pinar del Río. The relationship with the victim was sexual partner, with the punch being the modus operandi and violent behavior the most frequent risk factor; jealousy stood out as mobile of the fact. Night hours and non-serious injuries without the need for medical treatment predominated. Conclusions: domestic violence is a health and social problem in the province of Pinar del Rio, so social and health institutions, and the authorities must work together to prevent and reduce violence (AU).

Experiences of Grief and Moral Sentiments in Survivors of the Armed Conflict in Medellín, Colombia. / Experiencias de duelo y sentimientos morales en sobrevivientes del conflicto armado en Medellín, Colombia.

The objective of the study is to understand the experience of grief and moral sentiments in survivors of the armed conflict in the city of Medellín, Colombia, through qualitative research. In total, 32 people affected by different victimising acts in the context of the armed conflict participated. There is a direct relationship between moral sentiments and the processes of handling and processing loss. Moral sentiments frame the experience of emotions in the victim, after the events have occurred, which influence the way in which the pain experienced is processed. These sentiments permeate the processes of dealing with the incident in survivors, the ways in which they perceive themselves and the perpetrators, and the social stances they adopt to face life. We conclude that moral factors play a role in the emotional recovery of victims and are indicative the possibility or difficulty of processing the events that occurred.